Index of Doctrinal Points
60. Q. How are you righteous before God?
A. Only by true faith in Jesus Christ.(1) Although my conscience accuses me that
I have grievously sinned against all God's commandments, have never kept any of them,(2) and am still
inclined to all evil,(3) yet God, without any merit of my own,(4) out of mere grace,(5) imputes to me
the perfect satisfaction, righteousness, and holiness of Christ.(6) He grants these to me as if I had
never had nor committed any sin, and as if I myself had accomplished all the obedience which Christ
has rendered for me,(7) if only I accept this gift with a believing heart.(8)
(1) Rom. 3:21-28; Gal. 2:16; Eph. 2:8, 9; Phil. 3:8-11. (2) Rom. 3:9, 10. (3) Rom.
7:23. (4) Deut. 9:6; Ezek. 36:22; Tit. 3:4, 5. (5) Rom. 3:24; Eph. 2:8. (6) Rom. 4:3-5; II Cor. 5:17-19;
I John 2:1, 2. (7) Rom. 4:24, 25; II Cor. 5:21. (8) John 3:18; Acts 16:30, 31; Rom. 3:22.
61. Q. Why do you say that you are righteous only by faith?
A. Not that I am acceptable to God on account of the worthiness of my faith, for
only the satisfaction, righteousness, and holiness of Christ is my righteousness before God.(1) I can
receive this righteousness and make it mine my own by faith only.(2)
(1) I Cor. 1:30, 31; 2:2. (2) Rom. 10:10; I John 5:10-12.
62. Q. But why can our good works not be our righteousness before God, or at least a part of it?
A. Because the righteousness which can stand before God's judgment must be absolutely
perfect and in complete agreement with the law of God,(1) whereas even our best works in this life are
all imperfect and defiled with sin.(2)
(1) Deut. 27:26; Gal. 3:10. (2) Is. 64:6.
63. Q. But do our good works earn nothing, even though God promises to reward them in this life and
the next?
A. This reward is not earned(1); it is a gift of grace.(2)
(1) Matt. 5:12; Heb. 11:6. (2) Luke 17:10; II Tim. 4:7, 8.
64. Q. Does this teaching not make people careless and wicked?
A. No. It is impossible that those grafted into Christ by true faith should not bring
forth fruits of thankfulness.(1)
(1) Matt. 7:18; Luke 6:43-45; John 15:5.
The Sacraments
65. Q. Since then faith alone makes us share in Christ and all His benefits, where does this faith
come from?
A. From the Holy Spirit,(1) who works it in our hearts by the preaching of the gospel,(2)
and strengthens it by the use of the sacraments.(3)
(1) John 3:5; I Cor. 2:10-14; Eph. 2:8; Phil. 1:29. (2) Rom. 10:17; I Pet. 1:23-25.
(3) Matt. 28:19, 20; I Cor. 10:16.
66. Q. What are the sacraments?
A. The sacraments are holy, visible signs and seals. They were instituted by God so
that by their use He might the more fully declare and seal to us the promise of the gospel.(1) And this
is the promise: that God graciously grants us forgiveness of sins and everlasting life because of the
one sacrifice of Christ accomplished on the cross.(2)
(1) Gen. 17:11; Deut. 30:6; Rom. 4:11 (2) Matt. 26:27, 28; Acts 2:38; Heb. 10:10.
67. Q. Are both the Word and the sacraments then intended to focus our faith on the sacrifice of
Jesus Christ on the cross as the only ground of our salvation?
A. Yes, indeed. The Holy Spirit teaches us in the gospel and assures us by the sacraments
that our entire salvation rests on Christ's one sacrifice for us on the cross.(1)
(1) Rom. 6:3; I Cor. 11:26; Gal. 3:27.
68. Q. How many sacraments has Christ instituted in the new covenant?
A. Two: holy baptism and the holy supper.(1)
(1) Matt. 28:19, 20; I Cor. 11:23-26. Holy Baptism.
Of Holy Baptism
69. Q. How does holy baptism signify and seal to you that the one sacrifice of Christ on the cross
benefits you?
A. In this way: Christ instituted this outward washing(1) and with it gave the promise
that, as surely as water washes away the dirt from the body, so certainly His blood and Spirit wash away
the impurity of my soul, that is, all my sins.(2)
(1) Matt. 28:19. (2) Matt. 3:11; Mark 16:16; John 1:33; Acts 2:38; Rom. 6:3, 4; I
Pet. 3:21.
70. Q. What does it mean to be washed with Christ's blood and Spirit?
A. To be washed with Christ's blood means to receive forgiveness of sins from God,
through grace, because of Christ's blood, poured out for us in His sacrifice on the cross.(1) To be washed
with His Spirit means to be renewed by the Holy Spirit and sanctified to be members of Christ, so that
more and more we become dead to sin and lead a holy and blameless life.(2)
(1) Ez. 36:25; Zech. 13:1; Eph. 1:7; Heb. 12:24; I Pet. 1:2; Rev. 1:5; 7:14. (2) John
3:5-8; Rom. 6:4; I Cor. 6:11; Col. 2:11, 12.
71. Q. Where has Christ promised that He will wash us with His blood and Spirit as surely as we are
washed with the water of baptism?
A. In the institution of baptism, where He says: Go therefore and make disciples of
all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit (Matthew
28:19). He who believes and is baptized will be saved, but he who does not believe will be condemned
(Mark 16:16). This promise is repeated where Scripture calls baptism the washing of regeneration and
the washing away of sins (Titus 3:5; Acts 22:16).
72. Q. Does this outward washing with water itself wash away sins?
A. No, only the blood of Jesus Christ and the Holy Spirit cleanse us from all sins.(1)
(1) Matt. 3:11; I Pet. 3:21; I John 1:7.
73. Q. Why then does the Holy Spirit call baptism the washing of regeneration and the washing away
of sins?
A. God speaks in this way for a good reason. He wants to teach us that the blood and
Spirit of Christ remove our sins just as water takes away dirt from the body.(1) But, even more important,
He wants to assure us by this divine pledge and sign that we are as truly cleansed from our sins spiritually
as we are bodily washed with water.(2)
(1) I Cor. 6:11; Rev. 1:5; 7:14. (2) Mark 16:16; Acts 2:38; Rom. 6:3, 4; Gal. 3:27.
74. Q. Should infants, too, be baptized?
A. Yes. Infants as well as adults belong to God's covenant and congregation.(1) Through
Christ's blood the redemption from sin and the Holy Spirit, who works faith, are promised to them no less
than to adults.(2) Therefore, by baptism, as sign of the covenant, they must be grafted into the Christian
church and distinguished from the children of unbelievers.(3) This was done in the old covenant by
circumcision,(4) in place of which baptism was instituted in the new covenant.(5)
(1) Gen. 17:7; Matt. 19:14. (2) Ps. 22:11; Is. 44:1-3; Acts 2:38, 39; 16:31. (3) Acts
10:47; I Cor. 7:14. (4) Gen. 17:9-14. (5) Col. 2: 11-13.
Of the Holy Supper of Our Lord Jesus Christ
75. Q. How does the Lord's Supper signify and seal to you that you share in Christ's one sacrifice
on the cross and in all His gifts?
A. In this way: Christ has commanded me and all believers to eat of this broken bread
and drink of this cup in remembrance of Him. With this command He gave these promises:(1) First, as
surely as I see with my eyes the bread of the Lord broken for me and the cup given to me, so surely was
His body offered for me and His blood poured out for me on the cross. Second, as surely as I receive
from the hand of the minister and taste with my mouth the bread and the cup of the Lord as sure signs
of Christ's body and blood, so surely does He Himself nourish and refresh my soul to everlasting life
with His crucified body and shed blood.
(1) Matt. 26:26-28; Mark 14:22-24; Luke 22:19, 20; I Cor. 11:23-25.
76. Q. What does it mean to eat the crucified body of Christ and to drink His shed blood?
A. First, to accept with a believing heart all the suffering and the death of Christ,
and so receive forgiveness of sins and life eternal.(1) Second, to be united more and more to His sacred
body through the Holy Spirit, who lives both in Christ and in us.(2) Therefore, although Christ is in
heaven(3) and we are on earth, yet we are flesh of His flesh and bone of His bones,(4) and we forever
live and are governed by one Spirit, as the members of our body are by one soul.(5)
(1) John 6:35, 40, 50-54. (2) John 6:55, 56; I Cor. 12:13. (3) Acts 1:9-11; 3:21; I
Cor. 11:26; Col. 3:1. (4) I Cor. 6:15, 17; Eph. 5:29, 30; I John 4:13. (5) John 6:56-58; 15:1-6; Eph.
4:15, 16; I John 3:24.
77. Q. Where has Christ promised that He will nourish and refresh believers with His body and blood
as surely as they eat of this broken bread and drink of this cup?
A. In the institution of the Lord's supper: The Lord Jesus on the night when He was
betrayed took bread, and when He had given thanks, He broke it and said, "This is my body which is for
you. Do this in remembrance of me." In the same way also the cup, after supper, saying, "Do this, as
often as you drink it, in remembrance of me." For as often as you eat this bread and drink the cup,
you proclaim the Lord's death until He comes (I Corinthians 11:23-26). This promise is repeated by Paul
where he says: The cup of blessing which we bless, is it not a participation in the blood of Christ?
The bread which we break, is it not a participation in the body of Christ? Because there is one bread,
we who are many are one body, for we all partake of the one bread (I Corinthians 10:16, 17).
78. Q. Are then the bread and wine changed into the real body and blood of Christ?
A. No. Just as the water of baptism is not changed into the blood of Christ and is
not the washing away of sins itself but is simply God's sign and pledge,(1) so also the bread in the
Lord's supper does not become the body of Christ itself,(2) although it is called Christ's body(3) in
keeping with the nature and usage of sacraments.(4)
(1) Eph. 5:26; Tit. 3:5. (2) Matt. 26:26-29. (3) I Cor. 10:16, 17; 11:26-28. (4)
Gen. 17:10, 11; Ex. 12:11, 13; I Cor. 10:3, 4; I Pet. 3:21.
79. Q. Why then does Christ call the bread His body and the cup His blood, or the new covenant in
His blood, and why does Paul speak of a participation in the body and blood of Christ?
A. Christ speaks in this way for a good reason: He wants to teach us by His supper that as bread and
wine sustain us in this temporal life, so His crucified body and shed blood are true food and drink
for our souls to eternal life.(1) But, even more important, He wants to assure us by this visible sign
and pledge, first, that through the working of the Holy Spirit we share in His true body and blood as
surely as we receive with our mouth these holy signs in remembrance of Him,(2) and, second, that all
His suffering and obedience are as certainly ours as if we personally had suffered and paid for our
sins.(3)
(1) John 6:51, 55. (2) I Cor. 10:16, 17; 11:26. (3) Rom. 6:5-11.
80. Q. What difference is there between the Lord's supper and the papal mass?
A. The Lord's supper testifies to us, first, that we have complete forgiveness
of all our sins through the one sacrifice of Jesus Christ, which He Himself accomplished on the cross
once for all;(1) and, second, that through the Holy Spirit we are grafted into Christ,(2) who with His
true body is now in heaven at the right hand of the Father,(3) and this is where He wants to be worshipped.(4)
But the mass teaches, first, that the living and the dead do not have forgiveness of sins through the
suffering of Christ unless He is still offered for them daily by the priests; and, second, that Christ
is bodily present in the form of bread and wine, and there is to be worshipped. Therefore the mass is
basically nothing but a denial of the one sacrifice and suffering of Jesus Christ, and an accursed idolatry.
(1) Matt. 26:28; John 19:30; Heb. 7:27; 9:12, 25, 26; 10:10-18. (2) I Cor. 6:17;
10:16, 17. (3) Joh. 20:17; Acts 7:55, 56; Heb. 1:3; 8:1. (4) John 4:21-24; Phil. 3:20; Col. 3:1; I
Thess. 1:10.
81. Q. Who are to come to the table of the Lord?
A. Those who are truly displeased with themselves because of their sins and yet
trust that these are forgiven them and that their remaining weakness is covered by the suffering and
death of Christ, and who also desire more and more to strengthen their faith and amend their life.
But hypocrites and those who do not repent eat and drink judgment upon themselves.(1)
(1) I Cor. 10:19-22; 11:26-32.
82. Q. Are those also to be admitted to the Lord's supper who by their confession and life show
that they are unbelieving and ungodly?
A. No, for then the covenant of God would be profaned and His wrath kindled against
the whole congregation.(1) Therefore, according to the command of Christ and His apostles, the Christian
church is duty-bound to exclude such persons by the keys of the kingdom of heaven, until they amend
their lives.
(1) Ps. 50:16; Is. 1:11-17; I Cor. 11:17-34.
Third Part
Of Thankfulness
83. Q. What are the keys of the kingdom of heaven?
A. The preaching of the holy gospel and church discipline. By these two the kingdom
of heaven is opened to believers and closed to unbelievers.(1)
(1) Matt. 16:19; John 20:21-23.
84. Q. How is the kingdom of heaven opened and closed by the preaching of the gospel?
A. According to the command of Christ, the kingdom of heaven is opened when it is
proclaimed and publicly testified to each and every believer that God has really forgiven all their
sins for the sake of Christ's merits, as often as they by true faith accept the promise of the gospel.
The kingdom of heaven is closed when it is proclaimed and testified to all unbelievers and hypocrites
that the wrath of God and eternal condemnation rest on them as long as they do not repent. According
to this testimony of the gospel, God will judge both in this life and in the life to come.(1)
(1) Matt. 16:19; John 3:31-36; 20:21-23.
85. Q. How is the kingdom of heaven closed and opened by church discipline?
A. According to the command of Christ, people who call themselves Christians but
show themselves to be unchristian in doctrine or life are first repeatedly admonished in a brotherly
manner. If they do not give up their errors or wickedness, they are reported to the church, that is,
to the elders. If they do not heed also their admonitions, they are forbidden the use of the sacraments,
and they are excluded by the elders from the Christian congregation, and by God Himself from the kingdom
of Christ.(1) They are again received as members of Christ and of the church when they promise and show
real amendment.(2)
(1) Matt. 18:15-20; I Cor. 5:3-5; 11-13; II Thess. 3:14, 15. (2) Luke 15:20-24;
II Cor. 2:6-11.
86. Q. Since we have been delivered from our misery by grace alone through Christ, without any merit
of our own, why must we yet do good works?
A. Because Christ, having redeemed us by His blood, also renews us by His Holy Spirit
to be His image, so that with our whole life we may show ourselves thankful to God for His benefits,(1)
and He may be praised by us.(2) Further, that we ourselves may be assured of our faith by its fruits,(3)
and that by our godly walk of life we may win our neighbours for Christ.(4)
(1) Rom. 6:13; 12:1, 2; I Pet. 2:5-10. (2) Matt. 5:16; I Cor. 6:19, 20. (3) Matt.
7:17, 18; Gal. 5:22-24; II Pet. 1:10, 11. (4) Matt. 5:14-16; Rom. 14:17-19; I Pet. 2:12; 3:1, 2.
87. Q. Can those be saved who do not turn to God from their ungrateful and impenitent walk of life?
A. By no means. Scripture says that no unchaste person, idolater, adulterer, thief,
greedy person, drunkard, slanderer, robber, or the like shall inherit the kingdom of God.(1)
(1) I Cor. 6:9, 10; Gal. 5:19-21; Eph. 5:5, 6; I John 3:14.
88 Q. What is the true repentance or conversion of man?
A. It is the dying of the old nature and the coming to life of the new.(1)
(1) Rom. 6:1-11; I Cor. 5:7; II Cor. 5:17; Eph. 4:22-24; Col. 3:5-10.
89. Q. What is the dying of the old nature?
A. It is to grieve with heartfelt sorrow that we have offended God by our sin, and
more and more to hate it and flee from it.(1)
(1) Ps. 51:3, 4, 17; Joel 2:12, 13; Rom. 8:12, 13; II Cor. 7:10.
90. Q. What is the coming to life of the new nature?
A. It is a heartfelt joy in God through Christ,(1) and a love and delight to live
according to the will of God in all good works.(2)
(1) Ps. 51:8, 12; Is. 57:15; Rom. 5:1; 14:17. (2) Rom. 6:10, 11; Gal. 2:20.
91. Q. But what are good works?
A. Only those which are done out of true faith,(1) in accordance with the law of
God,(2) and to His glory,(3) and not those based on our own opinion or on precepts of men.(4)
(1) Joh. 15:5; Rom. 14:23; Heb. 11:6. (2) Lev. 18:4; I Sam. 15:22; Eph. 2:10. (3)
I Cor. 10:31. (4) Deut. 12:32; Is. 29:13; Ezek. 20:18, 19; Matt. 15:7-9.
92. Q. What is the law of the LORD?
A. God spoke all these words, saying: I am the LORD your God, who brought you out
of the land of Egypt, out of the house of bondage. 1. You shall have no other gods before Me. 2. You
shall not make for yourself a graven image, or any likeness of anything that is in heaven above, or that
is in the earth beneath, or that is in the water under the earth; you shall not bow down to them or
serve them; for I the LORD your God am a jealous God, visiting the iniquity of the fathers upon the
children to the third and fourth generation of those who hate Me, but showing steadfast love to thousands
of those who love Me and keep My commandments. 3. You shall not take the Name of the LORD your God in
vain; for the LORD will not hold him guiltless who takes His Name in vain. 4. Remember the sabbath day,
to keep it holy. Six days you shall labour, and do all your work; but the seventh day is a sabbath to
the LORD your God; in it you shall not do any work, you, or your son, or your daughter, your manservant,
or your maidservant, or your cattle, or the sojourner who is within your gates; for in six days the LORD
made heaven and earth, the sea, and all that is in them, and rested the seventh day; therefore the LORD
blessed the sabbath day and hallowed it. 5. Honour your father and your mother, that your days may be
long in the land which the LORD your God gives you. 6. You shall not kill. 7. You shall not commit
adultery. 8. You shall not steal. 9. You shall not bear false witness against your neighbour. 10. you
shall not covet your neighbour's house; you shall not covet your neighbour's wife, or his manservant,
or his maidservant, or his ox, or his ass, or anything that is your neighbour's.(1)
(1) Ex. 20:1-17; Deut. 5:6-21.
93. Q. How are these commandments divided?
A. Into two parts. The first teaches us how to live in relation to God; the second,
what duties we owe our neighbour.(1)
(1) Matt. 22:37-40.
94. Q. What does the LORD require in the first commandment?
A. That for the sake of my very salvation I avoid and flee all idolatry,(1) witchcraft,
superstition,(2) and prayer to saints or to other creatures.(3) Further, that I rightly come to know the
only true God.(4) trust in Him alone,(5) submit to Him with all humility(6) and patience,(7) expect all
good from Him only,(8) and love,(9) fear,(10) and honour Him(11) with all my heart. In short, that I
forsake all creatures rather than do the least thing against His will.(12)
(1) I Cor. 6:9, 10; 10:5-14; I John 5:21. (2) Lev. 19:31; Deut. 18:9-12. (3) Matt.
4:10; Rev. 19:10; 22:8, 9. (4) John 17:3. (5) Jer. 17:5, 7. (6) I Pet. 5:5, 6. (7) Rom. 5:3, 4; I Cor.
10:10; Phil. 2:14; Col. 1:11; Heb. 10:36. (8) Ps. 104:27, 28; Is. 45:7; James 1:17. (9) Deut. 6:5; (Matt.
22:37). (10) Deut. 6:2; Ps. 111:10; Prov. 1:7; 9:10; Matt. 10:28; I Pet. 1:17. (11) Deut. 6:13; (Matt.
4:10); Deut. 10:20. (12) Matt. 5:29, 30; 10:37-39; Acts 5:29.
95. Q. What is idolatry?
A. Idolatry is having or inventing something in which to put our trust instead of,
or in addition to, the only true God who has revealed Himself in His Word.(1)
(1) I Chron. 16:26; Gal. 4:8, 9; Eph. 5:5; Phil. 3:19.
96. Q. What does God require in the second commandment?
A. We are not to make an image of God in any way,(1) nor to worship Him in any other
manner than He has commanded in His Word.(2)
(1) Deut. 4:15-19; Is. 40:18-25; Acts 17:29; Rom. 1:23. (2) Lev. 10:1-7; Deut. 12:30;
I Sam. 15:22, 23; Matt. 15:9; John 4:23, 24.
97. Q. May we then not make any image at all?
A. God cannot and may not be visibly portrayed in any way. Creatures may be portrayed,
but God forbids us to make or have any images of them in order to worship them or to serve God through them.(1)
(1) Ex. 34:13, 14, 17; Num. 33:52; II Kings 18:4, 5; Is. 40:25.
98. Q. But may images not be tolerated in the churches as "books for the laity"?
A. No, for we should not be wiser than God. He wants His people to be taught not by
means of dumb images(1) but by the living preaching of His Word.(2)
(1) Jer. 10:8; Hab. 2:18-20. (2) Rom. 10:14, 15, 17; II Tim. 3:16, 17; II Pet. 1:19.
99. Q. What is required in the third commandment?
A. We are not to blaspheme or to abuse the Name of God by cursing,(1) perjury,(2) or
unnecessary oaths,(3) nor to share in such horrible sins by being silent bystanders.(4) In short, we must
use the holy Name of God only with fear and reverence,(5) so that we may rightly confess Him,(6) call upon
Him,(7) and praise Him in all our words and works.(8)
(1) Lev. 24:10-17. (2) Lev. 19:12 (3) Matt. 5:37; James 5:12. (4) Lev. 5:1; Prov. 29:24.
(5) Ps. 99:1-5; Is. 45:23; Jer. 4:2. (6) Matt. 10:32, 33; Rom. 10:9, 10. (7) Ps. 50:14, 15; I Tim. 2:8.
(8) Rom. 2:24; Col. 3:17; I Tim. 6:1.
100. Q. Is the blaspheming of God's Name by swearing and cursing such a grievous sin that God is angry
also with those who do not prevent and forbid it as much as they can?
A. Certainly,(1) for no sin is greater or provokes God's wrath more than the blaspheming
of His Name. That is why He commanded it to be punished with death.(2)
(1) Lev. 5:1. (2) Lev. 24:16.
101. Q. But may we swear an oath by the Name of God in a godly manner?
A. Yes, when the government demands it of its subjects, or when necessity requires it,
in order to maintain and promote fidelity and truth, to God's glory and for our neighbour's good. Such
oath-taking is based on God's Word(1) and was therefore rightly used by saints in the Old and the New
Testament.(2)
(1) Deut. 6:13; 10:20; Jer. 4:1, 2; Heb. 6:16. (2) Gen. 21:24; 31:53; Josh. 9:15; I
Sam. 24:22; I Kings 1:29, 30; Rom. 1:9; II Cor. 1:23.
102. Q. May we also swear by saints or other creatures?
A. No. A lawful oath is a calling upon God, who alone knows the heart, to bear witness
to the truth, and to punish me if I swear falsely.(1) No creature is worthy of such honour.(2)
(1) Rom. 9:1; II Cor. 1:23. (2) Matt. 5:34-37; 23:16-22; James 5:12.
103. Q. What does God require in the fourth commandment?
A. First, that the ministry of the gospel and the schools be maintained(1) and that,
especially on the day of rest, I diligently attend the church of God(2) to hear God's Word,(3) to use
the sacraments,(4) to call publicly upon the LORD,(5) and to give Christian offerings for the poor.(6)
Second, that all the days of my life I rest from my evil works, let the LORD work in me through His Holy
Spirit, and so begin in this life the eternal sabbath.(7)
(1) Deut. 6:4-9; 20-25; I Cor. 9:13, 14; II Tim. 2:2; 3:13-17; Tit. 1:5. (2) Deut.
12:5-12; Ps. 40:9, 10; 68:26; Acts 2:42-47; Heb. 10:23-25. (3) Rom. 10:14-17; I Cor. 14:26-33; I Tim.
4:13. (4) I Cor. 11:23, 24. (5) Col. 3:16; I Tim. 2:1. (6) Ps. 50:14; I Cor. 16:2; II Cor. 8 and 9. (7)
Is. 66:23; Heb. 4:9-11.
104. Q. What does God require in the fifth commandment?
A. That I show all honour, love, and faithfulness to my father and mother and to all
those in authority over me, submit myself with due obedience to their good instruction and discipline,(1)
and also have patience with their weaknesses and shortcomings,(2) since it is God's will to govern us
by their hand.(3)
(1) Ex. 21:17; Prov. 1:8; 4:1; Rom. 13:1, 2; Eph. 5:21, 22; 6:1-9; Col. 3:18-4:1.
(2) Prov. 20:20; 23:22; I Pet.2:18. (3) Matt. 22:21, Rom. 13:1-8; Eph. 6:1-9; Col. 3:18-21.
105. Q. What does God require in the sixth commandment?
A. I am not to dishonour, hate, injure, or kill my neighbour by thoughts, words,
or gestures, and much less by deeds, whether personally or through another;(1) rather, I am to put
away all desire of revenge.(2) Moreover, I am not to harm or recklessly endanger myself.(3) Therefore,
also, the government bears the sword to prevent murder.(4)
(1) Gen. 9:6; Lev. 19:17, 18; Matt. 5:21, 22; 26:52. (2) Prov. 25:21, 22; Matt. 18:35;
Rom. 12:19; Eph. 4:26. (3) Matt. 4:7; 26:52; Rom. 13:11-14. (4) Gen. 9:6; Ex. 21:14; Rom. 13:4.
106. Q. But does this commandment speak only of killing?
A. By forbidding murder God teaches us that He hates the root of murder, such as
envy, hatred, anger, and desire of revenge,(1) and that He regards all these as murder.(2)
(1) Prov. 14:30; Rom. 1:29; 12:19; Gal. 5:19-21; James 1:20; I John 2:9-11. (2) I
John 3:15.
107. Q. Is it enough, then, that we do not kill our neighbour in any such way?
A. No. When God condemns envy, hatred, and anger, He commands us to love our neighbour
as ourselves,(1) to show patience, peace, gentleness, mercy, and friendliness toward him,(2) to protect
him from harm as much as we can, and to do good even to our enemies.(3)
(1) Matt. 7:12; 22:39; Rom. 12:10. (2) Matt. 5:5; Luke 6:36; Rom. 12:10, 18; Gal.
6:1, 2; Eph. 4:2; Col. 3:12; IPet. 3:8. (3) Ex. 23:4, 5; Matt. 5:44, 45; Rom. 12:20.
108. Q. What does the seventh commandment teach us?
A. That all unchastity is cursed by God.(1) We must therefore detest it from the
heart(2) and live chaste and disciplined lives, both within and outside of holy marriage.(3)
(1) Lev. 18:30; Eph. 5:3-5. (2) Jude 22, 23. (3) I Cor. 7:1-9; I Thess. 4:3-8;
Heb. 13:4.
109. Q. Does God in this commandment forbid nothing more than adultery and similar shameful sins?
A. Since we, body and soul, are temples of the Holy Spirit, it is God's will that
we keep ourselves pure and holy. Therefore He forbids all unchaste acts, gestures, words, thoughts,
desires,(1) and whatever may entice us to unchastity.(2)
(1) Matt. 5:27-29; I Cor. 6:18-20; Eph. 5:3, 4. (2) I Cor. 15:33; Eph. 5:18.
110. Q. What does God forbid in the eighth commandment?
A. God forbids not only outright theft and robbery(1) but also such wicked schemes
and devices as false weights and measures, deceptive merchandising, counterfeit money, and usury;(2)
we must not defraud our neighbour in any way, whether by force or by show of right.(3) In addition God
forbids all greed(4) and all abuse or squandering of His gifts.(5)
(1) Ex. 22:1; I Cor. 5:9, 10; 6:9, 10. (2) Deut. 25:13-16; Ps. 15:5; Prov. 11:1;
12:22; Ezek. 45:9-12; Luke 6:35. (3) Mic. 6:9-11; Luke 3:14; James 5:1-6. (4) Luke 12:15; Eph. 5:5.
(5) Prov. 21:20; 23:20, 21; Luke 16:10-13.
111. Q. What does God require of you in this commandment?
A. I must promote my neighbour's good wherever I can and may, deal with him as I
would like others to deal with me, and work faithfully so that I may be able to give to those in need.(1)
(1) Is. 58:5-10; Matt. 7:12; Gal. 6:9, 10; Eph. 4:28.
112. Q. What is required in the ninth commandment?
A. I must not give false testimony against anyone, twist no one's words, not gossip
or slander, nor condemn or join in condemning anyone rashly and unheard.(1) Rather, I must avoid all
lying and deceit as the devil's own works, under penalty of God's heavy wrath.(2) In court and everywhere
else, I must love the truth,(3) speak and confess it honestly, and do what I can to defend and promote
my neighbour's honour and reputation.(4)
(1) Ps. 15; Prov. 19:5, 9; 21:28; Matt. 7:1; Luke 6:37; Rom. 1:28-32. (2) Lev. 19:11,
12; Prov. 12:22; 13:5; John 8:44; Rev. 21:8. (3) I Cor. 13:6; Eph. 4:25. (4) I Pet. 3:8, 9; 4:8.
113. Q. What does the tenth commandment require of us?
A. That not even the slightest thought or desire contrary to any of God's commandments
should ever arise in our heart. Rather, we should always hate all sin with all our heart, and delight
in all righteousness.(1)
(1) Ps. 19:7-14; 139:23, 24; Rom. 7:7, 8.
114. Q. But can those converted to God keep these commandments perfectly?
A. No. In this life even the holiest have only a small beginning of this obedience.(1)
Nevertheless, with earnest purpose they do begin to live not only according to some but to all the
commandments of God.(2)
(1) Eccles. 7:20; Rom. 7:14, 15; I Cor. 13:9; I John 1:8. (2) Ps. 1:1, 2; Rom.
7:22-25; Phil. 3:12-16.
115. Q. If in this life no one can keep the ten commandments perfectly, why does God have them
preached so strictly?
A. First, that throughout our life we may more and more become aware of our sinful
nature, and therefore seek more eagerly the forgiveness of sins and righteousness in Christ.(1) Second,
that we may be zealous for good deeds and constantly pray to God for the grace of the Holy Spirit, that
He may more and more renew us after God's image, until after this life we reach the goal of perfection.(2)
(1) Ps. 32:5; Rom. 3:19-26; 7:7, 24, 25; I John 1:9. (2) I Cor. 9:24; Phil. 3:12-14;
I John 3:1-3.
Of Prayer
116. Q. Why is prayer necessary for Christians?
A. Because prayer is the most important part of the thankfulness which God requires
of us.(1) Moreover, God will give His grace and the Holy Spirit only to those who constantly and with
heartfelt longing ask Him for these gifts and thank Him for them.(2)
(1) Ps. 50:14, 15; 116:12-19; I Thess. 5:16-18. (2) Matt. 7:7, 8; Luke 11:9-13.
117. Q. What belongs to a prayer which pleases God and is heard by Him?
A. First, we must from the heart call upon the one true God only, who has revealed
Himself in His Word, for all that He has commanded us to pray.(1) Second, we must thoroughly know our
need and misery, so that we may humble ourselves before God.(2) Third, we must rest on this firm foundation
that, although we do not deserve it, God will certainly hear our prayer for the sake of Christ our Lord,
as He has promised us in His Word.(3)
(1) Ps. 145:18-20; John 4:22-24; Rom. 8:26, 27; James 1:5; I John 5:14, 15; Rev.
19:10. (2) II Chron. 7:14; 20:12; Ps. 2:11; 34:18; 62:8; Is. 66:2; Rev. 4. (3) Dan. 9:17-19; Matt.
7:8; John 14:13, 14; 16:23; Rom. 10:13; James 1:6.
118. Q. What has God commanded us to ask of Him?
A. All the things we need for body and soul,(1) as included in the prayer which
Christ our Lord Himself taught us.
(1) Matt. 6:33; James 1:17.
119. Q. What is the Lord's prayer?
A. Our Father who art in heaven, Hallowed be Thy Name. Thy kingdom come, Thy will
be done, On earth as it is in heaven. Give us this day our daily bread; And forgive us our debts, As
we also have forgiven our debtors; And lead us not into temptation, But deliver us from the evil one.
For Thine is the kingdom, and the power, and the glory, for ever. Amen.(1)
(1) Matt. 6:9-13; Luke 11:2-4.
120. Q. Why has Christ commanded us to address God as Our Father?
A. To awaken in us at the very beginning of our prayer that childlike reverence and
trust toward God which should be basic to our prayer: God has become our Father through Christ and will
much less deny us what we ask of Him in faith than our fathers would refuse us earthly things.(1)
(1) Matt. 7:9-11; Luke 11:11-13.
121. Q. Why is there added, Who art in heaven?
A. These words teach us not to think of God's heavenly majesty in an earthly manner,(1)
and to expect from His almighty power all things we need for body and soul.(2)
(1) Jer. 23:23, 24; Acts 17:24, 25. (2) Matt. 6:25-34; Rom. 8:31, 32.
122. Q. What is the first petition?
A. Hallowed be Thy Name. That is: Grant us first of all that we may rightly know
Thee,(1) and sanctify, glorify, and praise Thee in all Thy works, in which shine forth Thy almighty
power, wisdom, goodness, righteousness, mercy, and truth.(2) Grant us also that we may so direct our
whole life-- our thoughts, words, and actions-- that Thy Name is not blasphemed because of us but always
honoured and praised.(3)
(1) Jer. 9:23, 24; 31: 33, 34; Matt. 16:17; John 17:3. (2) Ex. 34:5-8; Ps. 145; Jer.
32:16-20; Luke 1:46-55, 68-75; Rom. 11: 33-36. (3) Ps. 115:1; Matt. 5:16.
123. Q. What is the second petition?
A. Thy kingdom come. That is: So rule us by Thy Word and Spirit that more and more
we submit to Thee.(1) Preserve and increase Thy church.(2) Destroy the works of the devil, every power
that raises itself against Thee, and every conspiracy against Thy holy Word.(3) Do all this until the
fulness of Thy kingdom comes, wherein Thou shalt be all in all.(4)
(1) Ps. 119:5, 105; 143:10; Matt. 6:33. (2) Ps. 51:18; 122:6-9; Matt. 16:18; Acts
2:42-47. (3) Rom. 16:20; I John 3:8. (4) Rom. 8:22, 23; I Cor. 15:28; Rev. 22: 17, 20.
124. Q. What is the third petition?
A. Thy will be done, on earth as it is in heaven. That is: Grant that we and all
men may deny our own will, and without any murmuring obey Thy will, for it alone is good.(1) Grant
also that everyone may carry out the duties of his office and calling(2) as willingly and faithfully
as the angels in heaven.(3)
(1) Matt. 7:21; 16:24-26; Luke 22:42; Rom. 12:1, 2; Tit. 2:11, 12. (2) I Cor. 7:17-24;
Eph. 6:5-9. (3) Ps. 103:20, 21.
125. Q. What is the fourth petition?
A. Give us this day our daily bread. That is: Provide us with all our bodily needs(1)
so that we may acknowledge that Thou art the only fountain of all good,(2) and that our care and labour,
and also Thy gifts, cannot do us any good without Thy blessing.(3) Grant therefore that we may withdraw
our trust from all creatures, and place it only in Thee.(4)
(1) Ps. 104:27-30; 145:15, 16; Matt. 6:25-34. (2) Acts 14:17; 17:25; James 1:17.
(3) Deut. 8:3; Ps. 37:16; 127:1, 2; I Cor. 15:58. (4) Ps. 55:22; 62; 146; Jer. 17:5-8; Heb. 13:5, 6.
126. Q. What is the fifth petition?
A. And forgive us our debts, as we also have forgiven our debtors. That is: For the
sake of Christ's blood, do not impute to us, wretched sinners; any of our transgressions, nor the evil
which still clings to us,(1) as we also find this evidence of Thy grace in us that we are fully determined
wholeheartedly to forgive our neighbor.(2)
(1) Ps. 51:1-7; 143:2; Rom. 8:1; I John 2:1, 2. (2) Matt. 6:14, 15; 18:21-35.
127. Q. What is the sixth petition?
A. And lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from the evil one. That is: In
ourselves we are so weak that we cannot stand even for a moment.(1) Moreover, our sworn enemies-- the
devil,(2) the world,(3) and our own flesh(4)-- do not cease to attack us. Wilt Thou, therefore, uphold
and strengthen us by the power of Thy Holy Spirit, so that in this spiritual war(5) we may not go down
to defeat, but always firmly resist our enemies, until we finally obtain the complete victory.(6)
(1) Ps. 103:14-16; John 15:1-5. (2) II Cor. 11:14; Eph. 6:10-13; I Pet. 5:8. (3) John
15:18-21. (4) Rom. 7:23; Gal. 5:17. (5) Matt. 10:19, 20; 26:41; Mark 13:33; Rom. 5:3-5. (6) I Cor. 10:13;
I Thess. 3:13; 5:23.
128. Q. How do you conclude your prayer?
A. For Thine is the kingdom, and the power, and the glory, for ever. That is: All
this we ask of Thee because, as our King, having power over all things, Thou art both willing and able
to give us all that is good,(1) and because not we but Thy holy Name should so receive all glory for ever.(2)
(1) Rom. 10:11-13; II Pet 2:9. (2) Ps. 115:1; Jer. 33:8, 9; John 14:13.
129. Q. What does the word Amen mean?
A. Amen means: It is true and certain. For God has much more certainly heard my prayer
than I feel in my heart that I desire this of Him.(1)
(1) Is. 65:24; II Cor. 1:20; II Tim. 2:13.