1. What does the biblical term "soul" mean? Do animals have a "soul"? If the "soul" of man can sin, does this mean that an animal can sin? How is man different from animals? Study Genesis 1:20-21; 9:4-5; 35:18; 37:21; Mark 8:35-37; Genesis 2:7.

The Bible has two meanings for the biblical term "soul".

1. In one sense, "soul" refers to the essence that makes an animal or human being alive or living.

The subtle nuances of the Hebrew term for "soul" "nephesh" can be often lost in the translation to English. For example, "nephesh," seen in Genesis 1:20-21; 9:4-5, is understood as that which makes an animal alive such as blood.

"Then God said, 'Let the waters teem with swarms of living (nephesh) creatures, and let birds fly above the earth in the open expanse of the heavens.' God created the great sea monsters and every living (nephesh) creature that moves, with which the waters swarmed after their kind, and every winged bird after its kind; and God saw that it was good." (Gen 1:20-21)

"Only you shall not eat flesh with its life (nephesh), that is, its blood. Surely I will require your lifeblood (nephesh); from every beast I will require it. And from every man, from every man's brother I will require the life (nephesh) of man." (Gen 9:4-5)

The Hebrew term "nephesh" can be used in a similar sense with human beings (Gen 35:18; 37:21).

"It came about as her soul (nephesh) was departing (for she died), that she named him Ben-oni; but his father called him Benjamin." (Gen 35:18)

"But when Reuben heard this and rescued him out of their hands and said, 'Let us not take his life (nephesh).'" (Gen 37:21)

In the New Testament, the Greek usage of the term "soul" (psychē) is used similarly in Mark 8:35-37.

"For whoever wishes to save his life (psychē) will lose it, but whoever loses his life (psychē) for My sake and the gospel's will save it. For what does it profit a man to gain that whole world, and forfeit his soul (psychē)? For what will a man give in exchange for his soul (psychē)? (Mark 8:35-37)

2. In another sense, the term "soul" refers to the immaterial aspect or inner life of a person that represents the person's personality, emotions, and will.

In contrast to His other creations which He created multitudes, God created a single human being with the distinction of having been given something more than a physical life; man became a living soul (Gen 2:7).

"Then the Lord God formed man of dust from the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life; and man became a living being (nephesh). (Gen 2:7)

The souls of human beings are distinctive from that of animals, because human beings have an immaterial element of their nature that relates to God (Gen 2:7; Ps 103:1; Luke 1:46).

The soul can have desires:

Food

"but now our appetite (nephesh) is gone. There is nothing at all to look at except this manna." (Num 11:6)

Money

"You shall give him his wages on his day before the sun sets, for he is poor and sets his heart (nephesh) on it; so that he will not cry against you to the Lord and it become sin in you." (Deut 24:15)

Cravings of the heart

"For the wicked boasts of his heart's (nephesh) desire, and the greedy man curses and spurns the Lord." (Ps 10:3)

The soul can have emotions:

Bitterness

"She, greatly distressed (nephesh), prayed to the Lord and wept bitterly." (1 Sam 1:10)

Grieves

"Have I not wept for the one whose life is hard? Was not my soul grieved for the needy?" (Job 30:25)

"Then He said to them, 'My soul is deeply grieved, to the point of death;…'" (Matt 26:38)

Dismay / anguish

"And my soul is greatly dismayed; But You, O Lord – how long?" (Ps 6:3)

Love

"Tell me, O you whom my soul loves,…" (Song 1:7)

Glad / rejoicing

"Make glad the soul of Your servant, for to You, O Lord, I lift up my soul" (Ps 86:4)

The soul can have intellect and knowledge:

"For wisdom will enter your heart and knowledge will be pleasant to your soul" (Prov 2:10)

"I will give thanks to You, for I am fearfully and wonderfully made; wonderful are Your works, and my soul knows it very well." (Ps 139: 14)

The soul can be willful:

"To imprison his princes at will (nephesh), that he might teach his elders wisdom." (Ps 105:22)

The soul can worship, praise, and pray to God:

The soul can sin and be redeemed:

"Beloved, I urge you as aliens and strangers to abstain from fleshy lusts which wage war against the soul." (1 Pet 2:11)

"obtaining as the outcome of your faith the salvation of your souls." (1 Pet 1:9)